Although research on psychological treatments for comorbid bipolar disorder and AOD use is scarce, one group of researchers have developed an integrated, 20-session, psychosocial group treatmentprogram for this comorbidity, which has shown some positive findings in relation to AOD use [560, 561]. The program employs a cognitive behavioural relapse prevention model that integrates treatment by focusing on similarities between recovery and relapse processes in bipolar disorder and AOD use disorder. More recently, a briefer version of integrated group therapy (12 sessions) has been shown to be effective in terms of its positive impact on mood and substance use [562]. When delivered by AOD workers with little or no training in CBT, or prior experience with the treatment of bipolar disorder, this brief version of integrated group therapy had superior outcomes relative to standard group drug counselling. Although psychological treatments appear to have positive outcomes among people with comorbid bipolar disorder, it is not well understood how the improvements work – i.e., whether it is the psychological therapy addressing the AOD use, the bipolar symptoms, or both together, that are associated with positive outcomes [563].