A number of psychotherapeutic interventions have been developed for the treatment of comorbid PTSD and AOD use over the two decades; however, few have undergone rigorous evaluation. Existing approaches may be divided into two types: past-focused and present-focused therapies [824, 830, 831]. A recent Cochrane review concluded that individual past-focused psychological interventions delivered alongside AOD treatment can reduce PTSD severity and AOD use, but that there is very little evidence to support the use of present-focused individual or group-based interventions [832].