A small number of uncontrolled pilot studies have found aerobic exercise to be associated with improvements in PTSD symptoms [859-862]. Promising findings were also provided by a small controlled trial which found greater reductions in PTSD symptoms among individuals randomised to receive exposure therapy with exercise augmentation compared to those randomised to receive exposure therapy alone [863]. A more rigorous evaluation of the impact of exercise on PTSD symptoms was recently completedin Australia. Rosenbaum and colleagues [864] compared the efficacy of a 12-week exercise program (consisting of three 30-minute resistance-training sessions per week and a walking program) provided as an adjunct to inpatient care for PTSD, to inpatient care alone, in an RCT. Individuals randomised to receive the exercise program demonstrated significantly greater reductions in PTSD symptom severity compared to those randomised to receive inpatient care alone. While further research is needed examining the optimal dose, frequency and intensity of exercise, these findings provide preliminary support for the use of exercise as an adjunct to evidence-based PTSD treatments. Research has yet to examine the impact of physical exercise in people with PTSD and comorbid AOD use disorders.