Although ADHD treatment is primarily focused on psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy, there is emerging evidence to suggest that physical activity may have beneficial effects similar to those of psychostimulant medications [516]. Research indicates that exercise interventions (frequent aerobic exercise in particular) may assist with the management of ADHD symptoms, particularly intrusive thoughts, worry, and impulsivity [517]. As such, exercise may be a useful adjunct to pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for ADHD, however, this has yet to be rigorously evaluated [517], and has not been examined in people with comorbid ADHD and AOD use.