The CAGE Questionnaire

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The CAGE questionnaire is a widely used screening tool to identify problematic alcohol use among adults [520]. The CAGE consists of 4-items which can be self-completed, or clinician administered. ‘CAGE’ refers to the four questions contained in the measure: Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye-opener, with items scored 0 (no) or 1 (yes), and then summed. Higher scores in general indicate possible problematic alcohol use [520]. The CAGE is included in Appendix V.